DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RIGHTS OF LATVIAN CITIZENS AND NON-CITIZENS - LATVIAN RESIDENTS

I. Prohibition to occupy certain state and public positions, to be employed in certain professions a) State Institutions Jobs reserved for Latvian citizens only:
1. State office (Senior Public Service) [1]	Constitutional Law "The Rights and Obligations of a Citizen and Person" adopted on 10.12.91, Art.8 (abolished by amendments to the Satversme) Amendments to the Satversme (Constitution), adopted on 15.10.98, Art. 101
2. Civil Servants, see [1]	The Law "On the State Civil Service", adopted on 21.04.94, Art.6(1) Amendments to the Satversme (Constitution), adopted on 15.10.98, Art. 101
3. Constitutional Court Judges	Constitutional Court Law, adopted on 05.06.96, Art. 4(2)
4. Judges, see [1]	The Law "On Judicial Power", adopted on 15.12.1992, Art.51(1)
5. Court bailiffs	The Law "On Judicial Power", adopted on 15.12.1992, Art. 109(1)
6. Public Prosecutors, see [1]	The Law "On the Public Prosecutor's Office", adopted on 19.05.94, Art.33 (1)
7. State Security Officers, see [1]	The Law "On State Security Institutions", adopted on 05.05.94, Art.18 (1)
8. Diplomatic and Consular Service, see [1]	The Law "On Diplomatic and Consular Service", adopted on 11.05.93, Art.3 (2) A new Law with the same title and restrictions was adopted on 21.09.95
9. Sworn surveyors see [1]	The State Land Service Order "On the procedure for issuing licenses to sworn surveyor practices", adopted on 21.07.93, p.7
10. Sworn evaluators, see [1]	The Land service regulations "On special licenses to be obtained to value and fix the statute ore price of real estate according to categories of fixing the statutory price and valuation", adopted on 27.12.95, Art. 15
11. Police Service [2]	Amendments to the Law "On Police" adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers of the LR on 11.01.94, Rules 19, Art. 1.5
12. Access to information declared a state secret [3]	Law "On State Secrets", adopted on 17.10.96, Art. 9 (2)
b) Private Sector Jobs reserved for Latvian citizens only:
13. Sworn Advocates and Advocate's Assistants [4]	The Law "On Advocacy", adopted on 27.04.93, Art.14(1) and 83
14. Sworn Notaries and Notary's Assistants, see [1]	Notary Law , adopted on 01.06.93, Art.9(1), 147(1)
15. Private Detectives, see [4]	The Law "On Operative Activities" adopted on 16.12.93, Transitional Regulations, Art. 4 Amendments to "The Regulations of Detective Activities and Its Licensing in the Republic of Latvia", Order Nr 74 of the Ministry of the Interior on 28.03.94
16. Security Service, use of fire arms, see [6]	Ministry of the Interior, Order Nr 288, signed on 17.11.93, Art. 8.2
17. Aircraft Captain	Law "On Aviation", adopted on 23.02.93 Art.35. At present –Law "On Aviation", adopted on 05.10.94 Art.35
18. Captains on Latvian ships	Maritime Regulations of Latvia (Maritime Code), Art. 137 (Regulations of Cabinet of Ministers No.168, adopted on 16.08.94)
19. Head of undertaking having issued a license for guard activities	Law ''On Guard Activities'', adopted on 29.10.1998, Art. 6
c) Public sector Only citizens have the right:
20. To be elected as jurors, see [1]	The Law "On Judicial Power" adopted on 15.12.1992, Art.56
21. To serve in the National Guard, see [1]	The Law "On National Guard", adopted on 06.04.93, Art. 5(1)
22. To be elected to religious organizations' governing bodies, excluding their ecclesiastical personnel, see [4]	The Law "On Religious Organizations", Art.7 (1), adopted on 07.09.95
23. To establish political parties	The Law "În Public Organizations and Associations", adopted on 15.12.92, Art. 43
24. Political parties are allowed to operate if at least 1/2 of the members are citizens	The Law "În Public Organizations and Associations", adopted on 15.12.92, Art. 45 with amendments adopted on 05.04.95
25. To participate in local elections [5] , see also [1]	The City Dome and Rural District Councils Election Law, adopted on 13.01.94, Art. 5.
26. To elect and to be elected to the management of the Council of students of the University of Latvia [6]	Statutes (Constitution) of the Students' Self - Government of the University of Latvia, 1998, Art.8, 10
27. Contacts with foreign citizens, access to cultural monuments and mass media are guaranteed to citizens only in some of the Agreements	5 Agreements, signed from 7.08.92 to 10.05.99 (see Suppl. 1-1)
II. Property Rights Only citizens have the right to:
28. To transfer the right to use state and municipality owned land to their heirs [7]	Amendments to the Law "On the Land Reform in the Cities of the Republic of Latvia" adopted on 31.03.94, Art. 4
29. Acquire the land into ownership with building on it if the land was not owned by them before 22.07.40, see [7]	The Law "On Amendments to LR Law “On the Land Reform in the Cities of LR”", adopted on 31.03.94, Art.8: amendments to 12(1),(2) of the Law "On the Land Reform in the Cities of LR"
30. A judicial person has the right to acquire the land plot into ownership in the LR cities if more than a half of its statute capital belongs to LR citizens. Should this ratio be changed, the deprivation of the land plot is envisaged, see [7]	The Law "On Amendments to LR Law “On the Land Reform in the Cities of LR ", adopted on 24.11.94, Art.3: amendments to Art. 20, 26 of the "On the Land Reform in the Cities of LR"
31. Similar to No.30 limitation for judicial persons when buying land plots in rural areas, see [7]	Amendments to the Law "On the Land Privatization in Rural Regions", adopted on 8.12.94, Art. 14; Amendments to Art. 28 (4), 35, 36 of the Law "On the Land Privatization in Rural Regions"
32. The right to become a member of an Apartment Owners' Association (de facto to buy a privatized "cooperative" apartment in Riga) belongs to non-citizens too, but only having the permanent residence permit and residence time in Riga of 16 years [8]	Riga City Council Regulations Nr 5 "For Persons wishing to acquire an apartments in a cooperative society of housing owners", adopted on 04.10.94, Art.1
33. Every citizen of Latvia is allotted 15 certificates more then a non-citizen. A non-citizen born outside Latvia gets another 5 certificates less [9]. One certificate is an equivalent of state property volume, created during 1 year of a person's life	The Law "On Privatization Certificates", adopted on 04.11.92, Art. 4, pp.2,4 The Law "On Privatization Certificates", adopted on 16.03.95, Art. 5, pp.2,4
34. Non-citizens who arrived in Latvia after the retirement age (60 for men, 55 for women) and who had less than 5 years of hired employment receive no privatization certificates , see [9]	The Law "On Privatization Certificates", adopted on 04.11.92, Art 4, p.4 The Law "On Privatization Certificates", adopted on 16.03.95, Art 5, p.4
35. The Latvian citizen is allotted with certificates if he lived in Latvia before 31.12.1992 and at any time was registered as permanent inhabitant. Non-citizen of Latvia is allotted with certificates since the last arrival to Latvia only and having purpose for the permanent living in Latvia.	The rules Nr. 179 "On Privatization Certificates" adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers on 23.08.1994, p.5
36. Only citizens and legal entities are guaranteed the protection of their investments abroad	25 Agreements with 26 states, adopted within the period 26.08.91 -17.06.98 (see Supplement 1-2)
37. Protection of intellectual property abroad is guaranteed by some bilateral Agreements to citizens only	2 Agreements with 5 states, adopted within the period 21.11.95 - 07.12.95 (see Supplement 1-3)
III. Private enterprise
38. Licenses for air transportation abroad are guaranteed, by bilateral agreements to the companies controlled by Latvian citizens. If such control is lost, the license is revoked.	17 Agreements, signed within the period 01.07.92 - 04.03.99 (see Suppl. 1-4)
39. Only companies controlled by Latvian citizens can make fishing at the territory under USA jurisdiction	Fishery agreement with USA 08.04.93, art. 1
40. Non-discrimination regarding double taxation is guaranteed to citizens only	6 Agreements, signed within the period 17.11.93 -16.10.98 (see Suppl. 1-5)
IV. Social Rights
41. Citizens only are registered in the line to receive aid from State and local authorities if they have lived for more than 40 years in an apartment without modern conveniences (central heating, water, hot water) or live in a 'communal' apartment (shared by several families) [9]	'On the Rules of Registering Residents (Families) to Receive State or Local Governments' Housing Support' Nr. 17, adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers on 23.11.93, Art. 8.6
42. To receive assistance solving housing problems the non-citizens require a permanent registration notice (s.c. "propiska") in their passports. Such a limitation has not been provided for the citizens.	The Law "On Housing Support, granted by the State and Local Governments'' adopted on 11.05.93, Art.3
43. Only citizens have the right to receive a loan for purchase the right to hire a flat, see [8]	Resolution 83 of Riga City Council, adopted on 07.03.97, p.2. Amendments to the Resolution 160 of Riga City Council "On Allotment of Loans for purchase of Apartments"
44. A possibility to hire flats for unlimited time in the 'hotels for employees' in Riga exists only for those non-citizens who have lived and worked in Latvia at least 10 years. Citizens have such right regardless of the length of their stay and work in Riga, see [8].	Regulations of Riga Council No. 52 "On Use Service of Hotels for Employees" adopted on 26.03.96, Art. 4
45. Years of employment outside Latvia are not included into the non-citizens' employment record when calculating pension rates, see [9], [10]	Law "On State Pensions", adopted on 02.11.95, transitional regulations, Art. 1
V. Other Rights and Freedoms
46. Only citizens have the right to study in certain higher education establishments	Statute (Constitution) of the Academy of Police, adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers on 17.06.1998, Art. 69 Statute (Constitution) of the National Academy of Defense, adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers on 30.06.1998, Art. 22
47. Latvian citizens may enter 30 foreign countries without visas. Non-citizens may enter, without visas, only 4 of them	The latest agreement was signed with Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg on 09.06.99 (see also Suppl. 1-6)
48. The right on repatriation enjoyed by the citizens of Latvia only or by the persons if one of their parents is a Latvian or Liv.	Repatriation Law, adopted on 21.10.95, Art. 2
49. Exemption from the customs duty during transit is provided, in some cases, to citizens only	2 Agreements, signed 29.11.91 and 07.12.91 (see Suppl. 1-7)
50. Only Latvian citizens and (in some cases) legal entities are guaranteed legal assistance	9 Agreements, signed from 11.11.92 to 21.05.98 (see Suppl. 1-8)
51. A citizen can be deprived of citizenship by court only. A non-citizen can be deprived of his status administratively by decision of administrative authorities. [11]	Citizenship Law, adopted on 22.07.94, Art. 24
52. Former Soviet military personnel, who left service after 28.01.92, conscripted from outside Latvia, members of their families and relatives who arrived in Latvia with them, do not have a right to a legal status, if there are no Latvian citizens among them [12]	Law "În the Status of the Former USSR Citizens Who Are Not Citizens of Latvia or Any Other State", adopted on 12.04.95, Art. 1 (3)
53. Non-citizens who have received compensations when leaving Latvia (i.e. as compensation for apartments left behind) from any state institutions or from abroad, apart from losing their former legal status, also lose the right to enter Latvia for residency	Ibid., with Amendment, adopted on 18.06.97 Law “În the Entry and Stay of Foreign Citizens and Stateless Persons in the Republic of Latvia”, adopted on 09.06.92, Art.35 (p.12), Art. 36 (p. 14) with amendment, adopted on 16.12.96
54. Non-citizens can be acknowledged as politically repressed persons (by the Nazi regime), if they were repressed because of their national identity or who were minors and were confined in prisons and concentration camps in the territory of Latvia at that time. [13]	The Law "On Determining the Status of Politically Repressed Persons who are Victims of Communist and Nazi Regimes", adopted on 12.04.95, Art.4, pp. 1-3 *The earlier similar Latvian Law of 13.05.92 did not contain limitations for non-citizens.
55. The possibility of obtaining residence permits by the family and relatives of non-citizens and aliens is connected with the capacity to provide for such persons. Such a requirement does not apply to citizens.	The Law “În the Entry and Stay of Foreign Citizens and Stateless Persons in the Republic of Latvia”, adopted on 09.06.92, Art.35, p.2.
56. If the marriage which was the basis for receiving a temporary residence permit by a foreigner is dissolved, the temporary residence permit is annulled except in a cases when the court awards the child – a Latvian citizen – to the parent who isn't a citizen of Latvia, a non-citizen, foreign person or stateless person. If the child is a non-citizen, he is deported from the country with a parent-foreigner.	The Law "On the Entry and Stay of Foreign citizens and Stateless Persons in the Republic of Latvia " adopted on 09.06.92, art.. 25
57. The right to self-defense: possession of firearms is allowed only to citizens, see [9]	Law "On Firearms and Special Devices for Self – Defense", adopted on 23.02.1993, Art. 11